`vimdiff` displays two buffers side-by-side. On the left is `file1.txt` and on the right is `file2.txt`. The first differences (apples and oranges) are highlighted on both lines.
Suppose you want to make the second buffer to have apples, not oranges. To transfer the content from your current position (you're currently on `file1.txt`) to `file2.txt`, first go to the next diff with `]c` (to jump to the previous diff window, use `[c`). The cursor should be on apples now. Run `:diffput`. Both files should now have apples.
If you need to transfer the text from the other buffer (orange juice, `file2.txt`) to replace the text on the current buffer (apple juice, `file1.txt`), with your cursor still on `file1.txt` window, first go to the next diff with `]c`. Your cursor now should be on apple juice. Run `:diffget` to get the orange juice from another buffer to replace apple juice in our buffer.
I don't know anyone who likes resolving merge conflicts. However, they are inevitable. In this section, you will learn how to leverage Vim as a merge conflict resolution tool.
First, change the default merge tool to use `vimdiff` by running:
Alternatively, you can modify the `~/.gitconfig` directly (by default it should be in root, but yours might be in different place). The commands above should modify your gitconfig to look like the setting below, if you haven't run them already, you can also manually edit your gitconfig.
The fourth window contains the merge conflict texts. With this setup, it is easier to see what change each environment has. You can see the content from `LOCAL`, `BASE`, and `REMOTE` at the same time.
Your cursor should be on the fourth windows, on the highlighted area. To get the change from `LOCAL` (grapes), run `:diffget LOCAL`. To get the change from `BASE` (oranges), run `:diffget BASE` and to get the change from `REMOTE` (apples), run `:diffget REMOTE`.
In this case, let's get the change from `LOCAL`. Run `:diffget LOCAL`. The fourth window will now have grapes. Save and exit all files (`:wqall`) when you are done. That wasn't bad, right?
If you notice, you also have a file `breakfast.txt.orig` now. Git creates a backup file in case things don't go well. If you don't want git to create a backup during a merge, run:
One Vim trick you can use to add multiple files in different Vim window is to run:
```
:windo !git add %
```
Then make a commit:
```
:!git commit "Just git-added everything in my vim window, cool"
```
The `windo` command is one of Vim's "do" commands, similar to `argdo` that you saw previously. `windo` executes the command on each window.
Alternatively, you can also use `bufdo !git add %` to git add all buffers or `argdo !git add %` to git add all the file arguments, depending on your workflow.
There are many Vim plugins for git support. Below is a list of some of the popular git-related plugins for Vim (there is probably more at the time you read this):
The vim-fugitive plugin allows you to run the git CLI without leaving the Vim editor. You will find that some commands are better when executed from inside Vim.
To get started, install the vim-fugitive with a vim plugin manager ([vim-plug](https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug), [vundle](https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim), [dein.vim](https://github.com/Shougo/dein.vim), etc).
When you run the `:Git` command without any parameters, vim-fugitive displays a git summary window. It shows the untracked, unstaged, and staged file(s). While in this "`git status`" mode, you can do several things:
-`Ctrl-N` / `Ctrl-P` to go up or down the file list.
-`-` to stage or unstage the file name under the cursor.
-`s` to stage the file name under the cursor.
-`u` to unstage the file name under the cursor.
-`>` / `<` to display or hide an inline diff of the file name under the cursor.
When you run the `:Git blame` command from the current file, vim-fugitive displays a split blame window. This can be useful to find the person responsible for writing that buggy line of code so you can yell at him / her (just kidding).
When you run the `:Gdiffsplit` command, vim-fugitive runs a `vimdiff` of the current file's latest changes against the index or work tree. If you run `:Gdiffsplit <commit>`, vim-fugitive runs a `vimdiff` against that file inside `<commit>`.
When you run the `:Gwrite` command in a file after you make changes, vim-fugitive stages the changes. It is like running `git add <current-file>`.
When you run the `:Gread` command in a file after you make changes, vim-fugitive restores the file to the state prior to the changes. It is like running `git checkout <current-file>`. One advantage of running `:Gread` is the action is undo-able. If, after you run `:Gread`, you change your mind and want to keep the old change, you can just run undo (`u`) and Vim will undo the `:Gread` action. This would not have been possible if you had run `git checkout <current-file>` from the CLI.
When you run the `:Gclog` command, vim-fugitive displays the commit history. It is like running the `git log` command. Vim-fugitive uses Vim's quickfix to accomplish this, so you can use `:cnext` and `:cprevious` to traverse to the next or previous log information. You can open and close the log list with `:copen` and `:cclose`.
While in this `"git log"` mode, you can do two things:
- View the tree.
- Visit the parent (the previous commit).
You can pass to `:Gclog` arguments just like the `git log` command. If your project has a long commit history and you only need to view the last three commits, you can run `:Gclog -3`. If you need to filter it based on the committer's date, you can run something like `:Gclog --after="January 1" --before="March 14"`.
These are only a few examples of what vim-fugitive can do. To learn more about vim-fugitive, check out `:h fugitive.txt`. Most of the popular git commands are probably optimized with vim-fugitive. You just have to look for them in the documentation.
If you are inside one of vim-fugitive's "special mode" (for example, inside `:Git` or `:Git blame` mode) and you want to learn what shortcuts are available, press `g?`. Vim-fugitive will display the appropriate `:help` window for the mode you are in. Neat!
You may find vim-fugitive to be a good compliment to your workflow (or not). Regardless, I would strongly encourage you to check out all the plugins listed above. There are probably others I didn't list. Go try them out.
One obvious way to get better with Vim-git integration is to read more about git. Git, on its own, is a vast topic and I am only showing a fraction of it. With that, let's *git going* (pardon the pun) and talk about how to use Vim to compile your code!
